The TAO has developed an attack suite they call QUANTUM. It relies on a compromised router that duplicates internet traffic, typically HTTP requests, so that they go both to the intended target and to an NSA site (indirectly). The NSA site runs FOXACID software which sends back exploits that load in the background in the target web browser before the intended destination has had a chance to respond (it's unclear if the compromised router facilitates this race on the return trip). Prior to the development of this technology, FOXACID software made spear-phishing attacks the NSA referred to as spam. If the browser is exploitable, further permanent "implants" (rootkits etc.) are deployed in the target computer, e.g. OLYMPUSFIRE for Windows, which give complete remote access to the infected machine.[23] This type of attack is part of the man-in-the-middle attack family, though more specifically it is called man-on-the-side attack. It is difficult to pull off without controlling some of the Internet backbone.[24]
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QUANTUM attacks launched from NSA sites can be too slow for some combinations of targets and services as they essentially try to exploit a race condition, i.e. the NSA server is trying to beat the legitimate server with its response.[29] As of mid-2011, the NSA was prototyping a capability codenamed QFIRE, which involved embedding their exploit-dispensing servers in virtual machines (running on VMware ESX) hosted closer to the target, in the so-called Special Collection Sites (SCS) network worldwide. The goal of QFIRE was to lower the latency of the spoofed response, thus increasing the probability of success.[30][31][32]
According to a 2013 article in Foreign Policy, TAO has become "increasingly accomplished at its mission, thanks in part to the high-level cooperation it secretly receives from the 'big three' American telecom companies (AT&T, Verizon and Sprint), most of the large US-based Internet service providers, and many of the top computer security software manufacturers and consulting companies."[43] A 2012 TAO budget document claims that these companies, on TAO's behest, "insert vulnerabilities into commercial encryption systems, IT systems, networks and endpoint communications devices used by targets".[43] A number of US companies, including Cisco and Dell, have subsequently made public statements denying that they insert such back doors into their products.[44] Microsoft provides advance warning to the NSA of vulnerabilities it knows about, before fixes or information about these vulnerabilities is available to the public; this enables TAO to execute so-called zero-day attacks.[45] A Microsoft official who declined to be identified in the press confirmed that this is indeed the case, but said that Microsoft cannot be held responsible for how the NSA uses this advance information.[46]
In this paper, we present the design of distributed infection models used by attackers to inject malicious iframes on the fly in order to conduct large-scale drive-by download attacks. We use the term 'iframe injectors', which refers to the automated tools used by attackers to trigger mass infections. The iframe injectors can either be standalone tools or embedded components within botnets. We discuss the classification of iframe injectors and dissect a number of existing tools in order to understand their functionalities and how they are deployed effectively.
Iframes are inline frames, which are HTML objects that are embedded in a web page to fetch content (HTML or JavaScript) from a third-party domain. The content is treated as a part of the primary web page and is served when that web page is accessed. This is a known HTML functionality and is heavily used for content sharing among multiple domains. However, attackers abuse this functionality in multiple variants of drive-by download attacks [1] as a part of massive iframe infection campaigns [2, 3]. An attack starts with a malicious domain that hosts malware. The attackers then embed a URL referencing the malware in an iframe and place that in a compromised website (or any other self-managed website). Users are then coerced into visiting the web page that has the iframe embedded in it. When the user visits the page, the malware is fetched from the malicious domain and the end-user system is infected. The same attack model has been used to serve exploits through browser exploit packs (BEPs) such as Beta [4], Styx [5], Sweet Orange [6], Blackhole [7], Neutrino [8], etc. In the case of BEPs, the malicious iframe loads the BEP package in full, and the browser environment is fingerprinted against known vulnerable plug-ins and inherent components. If a vulnerable component (or plug-in) is found, the exploit is served, which in turn downloads the malware onto the end-user system. In reality, malware can be served directly or as part of an exploit delivering mechanism in which first a vulnerability is exploited.
ACE+TAO 2.2a is now available for download. Please see -2.2a for the download.Our sincere thanks to the large community of ACE+TAO users andcontributors, without whom this release would not have been possible.
March 2009: David Yen Lee, a technical director with Valspar Corp, illegally downloaded Valspar trade secrets with the intent of delivering them to Nippon Paint in Shanghai, where he had accepted a vice president position.
January 2010: Beginning in 2009, China carried out a series of cyberattacks to steal trade secret information from dozens of U.S. companies including Google, Yahoo, Adobe, Dow Chemical, and Morgan Stanley.
March 2011: Chinese hackers breached the RSA Security division of the EMC Corporation to steal information related to encryption software, compromising RSA SecureID tokens. The stolen information was used in subsequent attacks carried out by China.
July 2021: The U.S., NATO, and allies accused the PRC of using contract hackers to conduct an ongoing global cyberespionage campaign that includes ransomware attacks, cyber extortion, crypto-jacking, and rank theft. Accompanying this accusation were charges against four MSS hackers for engaging in a multi-year campaign to steal trade secrets, business information, IP, and Ebola vaccine research. Finally, the U.S. government announced they are attributing a March 2021 exploitation of zero-day vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange Server to MSS hackers.
The leading cause of heart attacks is coronary heart disease. This is where plaque builds up in the arteries that supply blood to the heart. The general buildup of plaque in the arteries is also known as atherosclerosis.
Type I heart attacks are where plaque on the inner wall of the artery ruptures and releases cholesterol and other substances into the bloodstream. This can then form a blood clot and block the artery.
Paroxysmal dyskinesias are a group of neurological diseases characterized by intermittent episodes of involuntary movements with different causes. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is the most common type of paroxysmal dyskinesia and can be divided into primary and secondary types based on the etiology. Clinically, PKD is characterized by recurrent and transient attacks of involuntary movements precipitated by a sudden voluntary action. The major cause of primary PKD is genetic abnormalities, and the inheritance pattern of PKD is mainly autosomal-dominant with incomplete penetrance. The proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) was the first identified causative gene of PKD, accounting for the majority of PKD cases worldwide. An increasing number of studies has revealed the clinical and genetic characteristics, as well as the underlying mechanisms of PKD. By seeking the views of domestic experts, we propose an expert consensus regarding the diagnosis and treatment of PKD to help establish standardized clinical evaluation and therapies for PKD. In this consensus, we review the clinical manifestations, etiology, clinical diagnostic criteria and therapeutic recommendations for PKD, and results of genetic analyses in PKD patients performed in domestic hospitals.
Typical PKD attacks are induced by sudden voluntary actions, such as sudden standing, starting to run, getting on and off a car, and encountering traffic lights [2, 9, 10]. Changes in the speed or amplitude of movements, addition of another type of movement during an activity, or even the intent to move can also cause an attack. Episodes are more likely to be triggered when an individual is under emotional stress, stimulated by a sound or image, or hyperventilating [10].
Although PKD attacks are stereotypic, precipitated by certain factors and not accompanied by loss of consciousness, it is difficult to distinguish them from seizure disorders, particularly the frontal lobe epilepsy. Patients with seizure disorders present with an abnormal ictal or interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) or no EEG change. The frontal lobe epilepsy is a common type of focal epilepsy of the childhood. Some patients with frontal lobe epilepsy also present with recurrent and stereotypic chorea and dystonia, with slight disturbance of consciousness during the attack and sometimes normal interictal electrograms. Unlike the frontal lobe epilepsy, however, the PKD attacks have a clear kinesigenic trigger and the individuals remain conscious during the attack, which can be used to distinguish between the two disorders. In addition, seizures of the frontal lobe can occur both during wakefulness and more commonly in sleep, while PKD is only evident when patients are awake.
Both psychological disorders and PKD can manifest as paroxysms with normal interictal neurological examinations. Because of the clinical characteristics of PKD, attacks are usually not witnessed by physicians. Moreover, most patients with PKD are also diagnosed with anxiety or depression [54]. Therefore, in some cases, it is difficult to distinguish psychogenic movement disorders and pseudoseizures from PKD. Psychogenic disorders have features of distractibility, variability of clinical presentations of different paroxysms, and suggestibility [55]. Other red flags for suspecting psychogenic disorder include adult age of onset, altered level of responsiveness during attacks, additional psychogenic physical signs, medically unexplained somatic symptoms, and an atypical response to medications [55, 56]. Administering a high-knee exercise test may also help physicians make differential diagnoses. 2ff7e9595c
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