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"Tendenze, moda, stile e gusto della nuova Italia" The Roman historian Voltageneis of the 1st century BC tells us of the bridge over the Tiber in Rome at his time. "Above" it there existed a place for sale where "libraries and scrolls were stored". From this document we learn that already in ancient times there was a market relationship between books and writing apparatus (pencils, pens) on one side and parchment on the other. A certain formality however still remained in the minds of many people with regard to parchment. It was not permitted to write on it with a quill and people who did so were considered crazy. For this reason they were not allowed to touch the parchment with their fingers and had to use a special "pen". The medieval literature shows no knowledge of parchment, but is full of allusions to the manner in which books were written on waxed tablets (gliatico) and on parchment (libro). The latter is still more highly esteemed. As we read in the chronicles: They say that when Caesar was in Gaul he made an inspection tour through Italy, taking great care for his ointments and oils. For this purpose he demanded all kinds of dainties from each region, especially parchments. Naples was famous for its excellent parchment. The state, however, was in need of money, and Caesar ordered his agents to buy up all the best manuscripts they could find anywhere at an extreme- reasonable price. A similar story is told about Tiberius's visit to Italy during which he is said to have extorted from the cities quantities of hides for writing materials ("libri"). The contemporary literature is most definitely aware of the fact that parchment is made of skins. It originates most often with sheep or calves but is also prepared with goatskins or buffalo hides. The terms giallo, bianco, verde and ocra are mentioned with reference to its color. One noteworthy work of this time is the "Libro d'Oro" (Golden Book) written in the 13th century. It describes common everyday ornaments used in writing on parchment or on paper ("carte e pergamene") as well as on the cardboard pages of books. Large pieces of cloth called leggite are mentioned numerous times throughout the literature from 1248 onwards when they were in use in Italy. In 1500 a large number of recipes from southern Italy where parchment was prepared can be found in "De re cosmetica". At the beginning of the Renaissance parchment gradually disappeared from use in Italy in favor of paper in all forms. This happened in part because it was much more convenient to prepare in large quantities. This circumstance, together with its expensive cost, certainly contributed to its gradual decline. Although paper had been used for writing since at least the 13th century, it took until the 16th century before it was used for making books that are viewed today as masterpieces of Renaissance literature. eccc085e13
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